Binance is paying one of the largest fines in corporate history to the U.S. Department of Justice, while its founder and CEO, Changpeng “CZ” Zhao, stepped down from his role running the platform as part of a settlement with multiple federal agencies. Meanwhile, Kraken is facing a lawsuit from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that echoes the SEC’s previous wave of suits.

CZ out, $4.3B in

The narrative

Binance settled charges with multiple U.S. agencies (with one major exception), ending one of the most highly anticipated regulatory actions in crypto.

Why it matters

Binance is the world’s largest crypto exchange by volume, and just agreed to pay what federal officials are describing as some of the nation’s largest fines.

Breaking it down

Binance and Changpeng “CZ” Zhao settled with multiple federal agencies on Tuesday, agreeing to pay billions of dollars in a deal that will also see Zhao face potential prison time, Binance make a “complete exit” from the U.S. and agree to strict oversight from monitors over the next several years.

If you missed Tuesday’s regulatory extravaganza:

• Binance and the Department of Justice settled charges that Binance conspired to conduct an unlicensed money transmitting business where it failed to have an anti-money laundering program. Binance will pay a $1.8 billion fine and $2.5 billion in forfeitures, as well as appoint a monitor for three years to ensure its compliance with federal law moving forward.
• Zhao and the Department of Justice settled charges that the now-former exchange CEO violated the Bank Secrecy Act and tried to have a financial institution violate the Bank Secrecy Act. Zhao agreed to pay $50 million but his sentencing isn’t for another few months.
• Binance and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission settled the Commodity Futures Trading Commission’s (CFTC) March 2023 suit alleging it operated an unlicensed crypto derivatives trading platform in the U.S. and went out of its way to hide it from U.S. regulators. Binance will pay $1.35 billion in civil penalties and another $1.35 billion in disgorgement.
• Zhao and the CFTC settled, in which Zhao will pay $150 million to the agency.
• Former Binance Chief Compliance Officer Samuel Lim settled charges with the CFTC, in which Lim will pay $1.5 million to the agency.
• Binance and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) settled charges that it violated anti-money laundering and sanctions laws. Binance will pay $3.4 billion in penalties and appoint a monitor for five years to ensure it’s both complying with federal regulations and exiting the U.S. entirely (Binance.US is not affected by this).
• Binance and the Office of Foreign Asset Control (OFAC) settled charges that it violated anti-money laundering and sanctions laws. Binance will pay $968 million.

If you noticed the numbers don’t add up, you’re right. It’s a confusing mess, largely because the amounts overlap with each other and involve some financial punishments that are put off unless the company strays again. An actual total of $4.3 billion will move from Binance to U.S. government coffers, officials said. FinCEN is collecting $780 million. Another $150 million is a suspended penalty, while $2.47 billion will be credited to the DOJ and CFTC. OFAC will collect another $70 million and credit another $898 million to the DOJ. CoinDesk’s Jesse Hamilton checked and the CFTC is for sure getting the $1.35 million fine.

So in total:

• DOJ is getting $2.018 billion from Binance and $50 million from Zhao.
• FinCEN is getting $780 million from Binance.
• OFAC is getting $70 million from Binance.
• CFTC is getting $1.35 billion from Binance, $150 million from Zhao and $1.5 million from Lim.
• $150 million is a suspended penalty.

“One of the things that Treasury works hard in collaboration with the Justice Department on is that a substantial amount of this penalty will go to the victims of state-sponsored terrorism in a fund that supports payments to those families and individuals,” a senior Treasury official said.

Binance’s role as a major crypto exchange that operated secretively within the U.S. is maybe the bigger story. The exchange targeted “VIP users” in the U.S. to drive its growth in the early days, court filings said. Zhao knew about this, and knew that somewhere around one third of his platform’s users were from the U.S., and spent time figuring out how to conceal that these users were on the platform instead of removing them.

Moreover, the exchange had a lot of users from sanctioned locations, the DOJ alleged, citing Binance’s discovery of “600 ‘verified level 2’ users from Iran” in November 2019 as just one example. Nearly $1 billion in trades between U.S. users and users in sanctioned nations occurred on Binance’s platform.

Many of the allegations are repeats or tied to what we saw in the CFTC lawsuit from March – that the exchange knowingly and deliberately allowed U.S. persons to trade on its platform without conducting know-your-customer or anti-money laundering checks, and without registering properly. The exchange allowed U.S. customers to trade against customers from sanctioned nations, which is pretty obviously illegal.

“The Justice Department is also imposing a monitorship, as well as reporting requirements on Binance as part of today’s resolution,” Attorney General Merrick Garland said. “Moving forward, Binance must file the suspicious activity reports that were required by law. The company is required to review past transactions and report suspicious activity to federal authorities. This will advance our criminal investigations into malicious cyber activity and terrorism fundraising, including the use of cryptocurrency exchanges to support groups such as Hamas.”

The DOJ monitor will be in place for three years. FinCEN is also appointing a monitor who will be in place for five years, and who will be granted access to all of Binance’s books and records.

This seems to go well beyond just U.S. users, and I imagine there are regulators around the world who may be interested in what exactly the U.S. finds in those past transactions.

There was one notable absence on Tuesday: Securities and Exchange Commission Chair Gary Gensler was not among the federal officials announcing settlements with the exchange.

There’s an easy answer to why this may have been the case: The SEC is likely looking for court wins it can point to as part of its ongoing effort to treat crypto exchanges similarly to U.S. stock exchange systems. The other agencies secured wins and massive penalties, but most of those allegations were basically the same: Binance offered U.S. people access to products and services without following the law.

We’ll get into this more below, but the SEC is currently on a mission to have crypto trading platforms divide up their exchange, clearinghouse and broker/dealer functions, like how stock trading works. Binance (and more Binance.US than Binance.com) is one of those companies that doesn’t treat these functions differently.

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